Distance Learning Essay -- Education Educating Learn Essays

surmount Learningmissing works citedDefinition and Description of Distance Education Distance upbringing is any academic acquisition method that lets the teacher and the student participate and communicate in a convenient manner, while sometimes in distinguishable places and sometimes at different times. The distance education concept has allowed a diverse set of individuals to continue their education, whether it is for personal or professional satisfaction. The teacher is motionless able to create, design, and plan with goals and objectives, and the student is able to learn and experience through the distance (Davey, 1999). Another word that is associated with distance learning is multimedia. With the use of multimedia, the learning is literally at the fingertips of the teacher and the learner. The long distance allows the multimedia, or the use of video, audio, graphics, images, animation, and text, to let the teacher relay information from one location to the learner in a totally different location. This is a process to use when face-to-face interaction is not possible (Hancock, 1999). A summative definition of distance education is a system of instructional learning in which the student(s), in groups or singly, and the teacher are physically separated. The methods of learning takes place with technology consisting of various combinations of telecommunications, hardware and packet (Ely Foley Freeman, & Scheel, 1995). This learning promotes change in both business and education. This change has its features, benefits and concerns in both fields, which will be discussed (Holloway, & Ohler, 1999).Business and Instructional Technology Side of Distance Education Inc. magazine reports that in the business and instru... ...mind (Hancock, 1999). Holloway and Ohler suggest to keep talking and reading literature about distance education. Other educational systems and organizations may be willing to share resources and technologies associated with dis tance education (1995). Also, the technologies need to associate to the learning environment. Blumenstyk, Goldie, and Kelly state that institutions should not go overboard with technology, but to keep it in scene as one aspect of a balanced educational philosophy (1999). At this point, distance education is starting to become an outstanding use of learning in higher education. Distance education can be classified as an innovation that combines theory and implementation in educational technology, fail than other trends (Ely Foley Freeman, & Scheel, 1995). Distance education is part of out past, present, and future.

Explain what is meant by the full employment level of National Income :: Economics

Explain what is meant by the full affair level of theme Incomeand Equilibrium level of National Income. Why might these levels ofincome be different?National Income is the level of total output, expenditure or income ofan economy over a period of metre. The main measure of NY used aroundthe world today is egregious Domestic Product, or GDP. This is a measureof all domestic production, that is, production not including trade,which takes into account the value of indirect taxes such as GST. wide-eyedemployment level of National Income means the level of total outputattained when unemployment is at a socially acceptable level. In mostcases this is around 5%, however it does tend to vary. If a governmentsets a target unemployment level and this is reached, the economy issaid to be operating at full employment (Nf). Full employment also holds something called the natural rate of unemployment, whichincludes seasonal and frictional unemployment, as well as thoseindividuals who do not wi sh to be employed. In early(a) words, thenatural rate of unemployment is the proportion of the workforce whichvoluntarily remain unemployed whilst the labour market is inequilibrium.We can see, therefore, that full employment may include someunemployment, although it is usually a small percentage of the workingpopulation. Equilibrium level of employment, however, may have alarger level of unemployment. The diagram to a lower place represents a situationin which the full employment level is illustrated.National Income $100bThis diagram presents a situation where the SRAS and the AD curveintersect on the LRAS and $100b is the NY. The terms used in thediagram must be explained. SRAS stands for short run aggregate supply,which is the relationship between the aggregate supply of all finalgoods and serve and the price level, holding all else constant. Inthe short run, the prices of final goods and services can change, butthe factor prices do not. Because of this, it is not possib le togeneralise the time period referred to by the word short, as factorprices can change at any time for numerous reasons. The SRAS is upwardsloping because of the law of diminish returns, that is some inputscan increase whilst others may not, and the fact that resourcebottlenecks may occur when the economy moves towards Nf.AD stands for aggregate demand,, which is the sum of all planned disbursal in an economy. The slope of the AD curve is due to the incomeeffect and the substitute effect. AD is calculated by Consumption +Investment + Government spending + (Exports Imports), or

Animal Cruelty and Youth Violence Essay -- Animals Kids Pet Pets Child

There are over seventy million cats and fifty-five million dogs in the United give ins, yet the number of reported cases of neglect, or abuse is severely lacking (Davidson 1). sentient being abuse is an ongoing dilemma in this country late studies have indicated child animal cruelty offenders often go on to pursue disturbing acts of criminal behavior. This nation simply does not have govern legislation across the nation as a preventative method of dealing with this predicament. Many states treat animal abuse too leniently, and this is bad because new offenders often times will go on to perform criminal acts later in life, therefore anti-youth violence organizations and animal abuse prevention organizations strike to join forces in order to enhance existing laws and to better educate Americas youth. It was not until recently people were first beginning to perk up that animals do indeed have rights.Brief History It was not until 1966 that the nation finally realized these kind c reatures could in fact feel pain and neglect, when the Animal Welfare Act was finally passed. According to Congresss Public Law 89-544 Act of August 24, 1966, the use of animals in lab tests, the transportation, sale, and handling of dogs, cats and authentic other animals is now regulated by the Secretary of Agriculture (1). Sample State Animal Cruelty LawsNevada Recently it has become mandatory for Nevada juvenile court of justice systems to obtain some form of psychological treatment for animal cruelty offenders (States Look at Stricter Laws 1). This is great news for the state of Nevada unfortunately this mandatory convention does not exist in all states.Idaho and Illinois According to Howard Davidson, director of the ABA center ... ...t Stricter Animal Cruelty Laws. State Legislatures 27.4 (2001) 8pp. 1 Mar. 2006 .Pawprint Navigation Bar Image. Retrieved from Google.com on April 1, 2006. .State Animal Anti-Cruelty Law Provisions. The Humane Society of the United States. 20 05. 28 Feb. 2006. .The Link between Animal Cruelty and Child Maltreatment. APA Center on Children and the Law (June 1998). 25 Feb. 2006 .United States Congress. 89th Congress, H.R. 13881 An Act. Public Law 89-544 11 of August 24, 1996. June 1998. 20 Feb. 2006 .University at Albany Image. Retrieved from Google.com on April 25, 2006. .

Achieving the American Dream :: Essays on the American Dream

From the nineteenth century to the present, the United States has been hailed as a knowledge base of opportunity where individuals could achieve personal, political, religious, and economic bare(a)doms. The image of the land of opportunity was true to different degrees for the African-American sharecropper in the postwar South, the immigrant at Ellis Island, and the wealthy capitalistic or manager in the period from eighteen-sixty five to nineteen-fourteen with the African-American being at the low end of the rung and the capitalist being at the top.The pertly freed African-American in the postwar South had the hardest time achieving freedoms due to white men considering them as inferior. As on southerner of the time said, the ex-slave was not a free man he was a free Negro . This is best exemplified in the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws of the time. If we look at the African-American of the time and compare them to the lodge of the citizens of United States consequently they we re seriously lacking in the basic freedoms granted to American Citizens. However, if we take a different approach and compare them to what they were only decades earlier, then we see that they had gained many freedoms which they formerly did not have which Reverend E.P. Holmes, a black Georgia preacher best stated when he said more or less anyone ought to know that a man is better off free than as a slave, even if he did not have anything, I would rather be free and have my liberty .African-Americans established their own churches, schools, social clubs, and even businesses which provided services such as insurance, banking, hair cutting, and funerals to the black community. With the help of the federal governance they took great steps in gaining more freedoms. The Freedmens Bureau was the first step congress took to aid the newly freed slaves. The Freedmens Bureaus chief(prenominal) purpose was to help negotiate labor contracts, provide medical care, and help set up schools for the freedmen. The second step congress took was in passing the cultivated Rights act of 1866 which states that all persons born in the United States excluding non-taxed Indians, were citizens entitled to full and equal benefits of all laws . Two years later, congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment which reaffirmed citizenship for all persons- careless(predicate) of race-born or naturalized in the United States and forbade any state from abridging the privileges and immunities of citizens to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law or to deny any person equal protection of the laws.

Free College Essays - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight   The poet begins his work by reminding us that the history of Britain is both ancient and glorious Aeneas, whose deeds in the Trojan War are legendary, whose exploits in war are recorded in Virgils Aeneid, and who is legendary for having founded the city of Rome after the Trojan War, was the ancestor of a man named Felix Brutus who founded Britain ("Britain" comes from "Brutus"). The around noble of the kings that followed Brutus was Arthur the poet says that he intends to tell one of the wondrous tales of Arthur. One Christmas at Camelot, the king, his queen Guinevere, and the court gather for fifteen days of celebration. The beat out and noblest of people and activities are there brave and famous men who compete in military games, beautiful and gracious ladies who play kissing games with the men. There is the most wonderful entertainment-dancing, feasting, singing. On New Years Day, there is a tremendous feast at which a ll gather together. Arthur, young and impulsive, has a feast-day tradition, though, which has to be observed onward the meal. He would not eat on such an occasion until he observed something marvelous the telling of an amazing story, the fighting of a glorious battle, or the like. Arthur presides over the feast at the high table with Guinevere and Gawain and other famous knights as music plays and the food is brought in-so many delicacies and elaborate dishes that the poet says it would be impossible to force them all. In the midst of the preparations for the feast, and as Arthur waits for a marvel to take place so that he can eat, a huge and terrible man bursts into the hall-a titan of a man, his chest and limbs are massive even while his proportions show him to be fit and attractive. The most shocking thing about him is that he was totally green. The poet spends most of the next three stanzas describing the Green Knight in detail first, we defraud of his clothing, trimmed in fur and embroidery, all green and gold. Then we learn that the horse he rides, the saddle, and the stirrups are all green. The mans long hair matches that of the horse, and he has a great, thick beard, also green.

Free College Essays - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight   The poet begins his work by reminding us that the history of Britain is both superannuated and glorious Aeneas, whose deeds in the Trojan War are legendary, whose exploits in war are recorded in Virgils Aeneid, and who is legendary for having founded the city of Rome by and by the Trojan War, was the ancestor of a man named Felix Brutus who founded Britain ("Britain" comes from "Brutus"). The most noble of the kings that followed Brutus was Arthur the poet says that he intends to tell one of the wondrous tales of Arthur. One Christmas at Camelot, the king, his queen Guinevere, and the court tack for fifteen days of celebration. The best and noblest of people and activities are there brave and famous men who compete in military games, beautiful and gracious ladies who bout kissing games with the men. There is the most wonderful entertainment-dancing, feasting, singing. On New Years Day, there is a tremendous feast at whi ch every gather together. Arthur, young and impulsive, has a feast-day tradition, though, which has to be observed before the meal. He would not eat on such an occasion until he observed some issue marvelous the telling of an amazing story, the chip of a glorious battle, or the like. Arthur presides over the feast at the high table with Guinevere and Gawain and other famous knights as music plays and the food is brought in-so many delicacies and fatten out dishes that the poet says it would be impossible to describe them all. In the midst of the preparations for the feast, and as Arthur waits for a marvel to take place so that he can eat, a broad and terrible man bursts into the hall-a giant of a man, his chest and limbs are massive even while his proportions show him to be fit and attractive. The most shocking thing about him is that he was completely green. The poet spends most of the next three stanzas describing the Green Knight in detail first, we learn of his clothing, trimmed in fur and embroidery, all green and gold. Then we learn that the horse he rides, the saddle, and the stirrups are all green. The mans long hair matches that of the horse, and he has a great, thick beard, also green.

African American Literature Essay

African American literature has a strong deeply grow background in the hi write up of America, thus giving the writers categorized in this genre a strong message to convey in any history they chose to tell. From tragic life moments to happy life moments, the writers have the ability to tell their story in a variety of methods. This canon of literature serves as a diary for the African American community. All of the literary works that compile this genre reflect the many twists and turns a collective group of persons must tin while struggling to achieve a place in history.The following discussion of three historically significant African American stories reflects the struggles one play of persons had to endure on their journey through and throughout various time periods in America. The Short Stories In the short story, My White Folks Treated us practised by Mariah Hines the author describes in first person account of a situation when African American slaves were treated well in c omparison to the stories of abuse, rape, and ignore most persons ar accustom to reading from this era.The slaves never went hungry, always had clothes to wear, were fitted to work under their own accord, always treated with respect, and were told to take Sundays cancelled while also being encouraged to attend church on Sundays. The slaves were in fact treated so well that when they were free to leave, they choose to breathe at their former masters farm and continued working for him. Hines concluded the Master continued to support his former slaves. Hines stated Master helped us lots as he could. Some of us he gave a cow or mule or anything he could spare to help us (p. 34). Moving forward in time, the short story Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston describes a situation of domestic abuse in a long endpoint relationship between a wife, Delia Jones, and her husband, Sykes Jones. Sykes enjoyed torturing Delia, he would find ways to make her job as a washwoman more difficult by kicking the clothes across the room or by scaring her with ways related to her fear of snakes. Sykes enjoyed fighting he in fact enjoyed it so much so that he intentionally picked fights with Delia. This type of torture strained their marriage to the point of near silence on a daily basis.Sykes thought it to be a good idea to bring a rattlesnake into their home. The rattlesnake got lose in the home, Delia was able to get outside the home but Sykes remained in the home and was attacked in their bedroom. Sykes yelled to Delia for help and comfort, but she was unable to come to him related to fear. Delia finally walked to the door, but due to the nature of his injuries and the distance to the doctor she still he would non make it through this attack, therefore she allowed him to pass in their backyard.She could scarcely reach the chinaberry tree, where she waited in the growing heat while indoors she knew the cold river was creeping up and up to extinguish that eye which much known by now that she knew (p. 108). This story shows how those who choose to abuse others always render for those actions in the end. Alice Walker wrote the story Nineteen Fifty-Five, about a young white singer, Traynor, who purchased a song from a young African American woman, Gracie Mae, and went on to become famous after recording and releasing his own version. His version of Gracie Maes song continued to eat away at Gracie Mae for the rest of her life.It did not have the same meaning, nor was it loved by his fans for the same reasons she hoped it would be. The fans loved Traynor, not the song. Traynor continued to keep in contact with Gracie Mae throughout his time in the army, touring, marriages, and divorces. indeed towards after many years, contact stopped and Traynor was found dead after 15 wives and a troubled road in the end. Gracie Mae lived vicariously through Traynor and his portraying of her song. Gracie Mae herself lived quite happily through the birth of many children, the divor ce and/or death of three husbands, the showering of gifts from Traynor, and his ultimate death.Gracie Mae did have a connection to Traynor that flowed deeper than her song. One darkness I dreamed Traynor has split up with his fifteenth wife p. 297). Due to the stereotypes and prejudices of this time period Gracie Mae and Traynor were never able to express the emotional connection they snarl between each other. Common Literary Conventions Literary conventions and themes were similar in the stories connotations, culture, undertones, and main characters were alike. The three stories were written in first person and portrayed a personal struggle endured by each main character.The main character was always female, strong, and independent in different way. The stories span three different periods of time, nevertheless still reflecting similar struggles in very different settings. These conventions are important when connecting the messages of these stories. Each has a story of strugg le, some are internal while others are outward, and each woman must find inner strength to change or cope with their situations. Beginning with My White Folks Treated us Good, this story was historically important in relation to conveying the happiness that could be found in such a dire situation as slavery.Hines showed not all slavery conditions were adverse or abusive there was still the possibility of enjoying life, and gaining independence by getting the break needed, such as the firing of all slaves, to make ones own life better. In Sweat, Hurstson was able write a story about a woman able to persevere in a dreadful situation of both mental and physical abuse. During this time in history, women were not able to be independent and communicatory due to a fear of judgment or increased abuse.Delia was given the chance to be free from the abuses of Sykes and took that chance by allowing him to die from his injuries, thus resulting in her freedom. Following in the same suit, Ninete en Fifty-Five expressed the internal struggle of a womans desire to be understood and independent. Gracie Mae cute to sing her own song and live her own life, without connection to a version of her song that did not represent the original intent. Gracie Mae was happy with her life, but was never free from what the release of her song brought to her life. Conclusion Culturally, these stories are important to all Americans.The historical significance of these stories and the emphasis on equality places a connotation of acceptance and availability of equal opportunity to all persons regardless of color, social class, age, race, gender, or personal situation. African Americans are able to tell their personal stories of struggles and triumphs through literature. This literature is a valuable tool for all persons wanting to educate themselves about significant times in American history. References Young, A. (1996). African American publications A brief Introduction and Anthology. New Yo rk, New York HarperCollins College Publishers.

Tracer 480 Sc

Insecticide tracer 480 SC MENU What is it ? Tracer 480 EC is a suspension concentrate, with a short residual action acting as a contact and jump insecticide, with trans laminar properties for the control of insects on agricultural crops as listed. Tracer 480 SC ECs active ingredient is Spinosad (Naturalyte) with a 480 g/l. active ingredient and, placed in the 5A chemicals group for agricultural use in S. A. Manufactured by Dow AgroScience S. A. (PTY) LTD. with registration No. L 6557 chthonic act 36 /1947. . What does it do? Tracer 480 SC is a very special type of chemical made from a fermentation process from crackers mushrooms.The short residual of the product and the minimal effect on natural predators including predatory mites makes it well suited for use in IPM control programs. Tracer 480 SC sprays are rainfast within 1 hour after application. Apply Tracer 480 SC sprays, with equipment that is correctly calibrated and in good working order that provides rise coverage of the crop, for obtaining the best results against the pest trated for. Tracer 480 EC has a rapid knock down action on larva by contact, but contact and stomach action still provides the best results.Tracer 480 SC has some effect on certain predators & parasites in citrus, and Honeybees. (Read the label) List of Crops and pests on wich Tracer 480 SC is registered. Crops Apples Citrus Pests thrips ( Various species ) Including Western Flower Thrip F. occidentalis Thrips,. ( S. aurantii ), (See Comments for IPM program ) Green Beans & Peas Potatoes Table Grapes Tomatoes Leafminer ( L. huidobrencis) Tubermoth larva ( P. operculella ) . Thrips Spp including Western Flower Thrip (F. occidentalis ) American leafminer ( L. trifolii ) A. Boll worm ( H. armigera )Obey the waiting periods on various crops, and follow the recommendation for resistance management as specified on the label. How and When to Apply Tracer 480 SC. must be sprayed according to dosages and threshold set as specified o n the label for the various crops. Read warnings on label for resistance strategy. Tracer 480 SC is not pH sensitive. . (Refer the label for the specific crops) Compatibility Tracer 480 SC is compatible with B P Agripron Super, Light or medium narrow range sprays oils and Sanawett 90 940 SL. Mixing instruction manual for tank mixes subroutine clean water and fill spray tank up to one third and start agitation.Add different formulation types in the order indicated below, allowing time for fire immix and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion time for dispersible granular (WG) products. Add following types in the following order u Water dispersible granules. (After pre mixing with water. ) u Wettable powders. ( After pre mixing with water) u Tracer and other aqueous suspensions. ( Maintain agitation and fill spray tank to three quarters of total spray tawdriness. Then add u Em ulsifiable concentrates. Spray adjuvants. ( Where Tracer 480 SC is needed to be applied in combination with a spray oil . first pre mix the required volume of tracer 480 SC and spray oil, before adding to the spray water). u Foliar fertilizers. Application All Tracer 480 SC spray applications must be made with competent equipment that is in a good working order with good agitation, and correctly calibrated, to give the desired coverage for that particular method of application. Study and follow the recommendations on the label for spray volumes / Ha for row crops, fruit tree crops, deciduous fruit trees and table grapes. Read the label. ) Product Label Download Now A specimen Product Label is available for download. Amongst other information, the Tracer 480 SC label outlines the current registered uses as well as rates, directions for use, general instructions, safety instructions and warnings. If you have any problems downloading the product label, please contact (012) 842 0200 d uring business hours and a copy exit be faxed or send to you. Material Safety info Sheet Download Now A MSDS is available for immediate download.The MSDS identifies the chemical and physical properties of the product, outlines the health hazard data, precautions for use, safe handling and other information pertaining Tracer 480 SC insecticide. If you have any problems downloading the Material Safety Data Sheet, please contact (012) 842 0200 during business hours and a copy will be faxed or mailed to you. Where to get it Tracer 480 SC is available from your local Agricultural Chemical Dealer. If you have any problems finding Tracer 480 SC please call (012) 842 0200 and they will bring you in touch with an Agricultural Chemical Dealer near you.

Strategic Operations Issues

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS ISSUES Elizabeth Kelly ABSTRACT This paper identifies an operational issue of a national food-chain. The problem is place with the demonstration of the functional relationships and care for flux analysis. With the use of concepts of operations and outgrowth management, the problem is analyzed and systems sought to provide recommendations and an implementation plan. TABLE OF CONTENTS downplay of Hi-Lo Food Stores.. 5 Problem Identification. 5 Background of the LINX Operating System6 Analysis using Concepts7Recommendation and Implementation Plan.. 9 References.. 11 BACKGROUND OF HI-LO FOOD STORES Hi-Lo Food Stores is a supermarket chain operating in Trinidad since 1950. With 17 outlets spread throughout the length and breadth of the country, Hi-Lo Food Stores employs over 1800 employees. caper IDENTIFICATION At Hi-Lo Food Stores, which is considered a mass service process type (Slack et al, pg. 114) guests argon afforded the option of different defrayal m ethods. Payment methods include coin, reference book cartes and debit cards.In an effort to continue to provide better options for settling of payments to merchants and guests alike, the company Infolink was formed. Infolink is a joint venture company owned by the quartette commercial banking companys of Trinidad and Tobago whose focus is to provide state of the art financial transaction-switching applied science by way of debit card payment. In recent times, it has been observed that on peak commercial periods, Hi-Lo Food Stores endpoints have non been able to process debit card payments. The message No Communication Field is generated when debit card transactions merchant shipnot be processed.The customer is either forced to use a credit card or use cash. The nature of the business of Hi-Lo Food Stores would in some instances cause for a large sum of money at the check-out terminal. Customers, who do not have a credit card facility available, are then forced to leave thei r merchandise at the store and locate an Automated Banking Machine (antiballistic missile) to withdraw cash and then return to the store to thoroughgoing(a) the transaction. Hi-Lo Food Stores is then faced with the issue of storing in a secure manner those items selected and already bagged for the prospective customer and can only be delivered until payment is tendered.This then causes a storage issue since these items are usually placed at the terminal the customer was accommodated at. Sub-issues of pilfering and bottlenecking of check-out counters have also been evident. The second issue arises when the customer does not return for reasons such as, no antiballistic missile facility within range of Hi-Lo, and then causes the customer to leave to a more convenient supermarket. This leaves Hi-Lo with spoiling and re-stocking of the items already held at the terminals. Customer dissatisfaction sets in and an erosion of brand loyalty occurs.The force on Hi-Lo Food Stores can then be summarized to include change magnitude check-out times at terminals, customer dissatisfaction and decreased sales. BACKGROUND OF THE LINX OPERATING SYSTEM In 1992 saw the advent of the LINX shopping experience to Trinidad and Tobago. Infolink Services Limited is the facilitator of the LINX net income where debit cards from any commercial bank in Trinidad and Tobago would be processed at all Automated Banking Machines (ABMs) regardless of the commercial bank the customer so belonged.This system led the way for merchants to employ the LINX Network at their Point-of-Sale terminals thus allowing debit cards issued at any commercial bank in Infolinks Accredited Partners to be accepted at these participating merchants. While the LINX system proved seamless during its pilot project phase of operations, in recent times as the service became more widely accepted by the general public, LINX seemed to be unable to manage the demand of merchants. Evidence has not been offered on the number o f transactions over a structured period, in order to ascertain the workload capacity of the Infolink Services Limiteds system.As the generator has evidenced at Hi-Lo Food Stores, the debit card payment system seemed unable to handle the workload during peak periods of demand. ANALYSIS USING CONCEPTS The use of technology to supersede traditional methods of payment can be seen to deliver great advantages and benefits to Hi-Lo Food Stores. The process design of the debit card system in its imagination can be seen to provide great advantages to the mass service process type. This payment method can be seen as an internally supportive method of increasing operations capabilities.For example, in times prior to the LINX operations, Hi-Lo Food Stores terminal processing time was generally a longer process. This could have been ca utilize by the customer having to present a personal cheque for payment along with a cheque ensure card, if applicable. The second step would be for the cashie r to examine both(prenominal) card and cheque for validity. In instances where the cheque was written in excess of the card guarantee amount, a supervisor would then be referred to for authorization.A process that would guarantee a longer turnaround time than the now widely used LINX service, debit card payment option. In analysis of the process however, we must beak the impact of the unreliability of the service and how it causes delays and decreased outputs. These delays then impact on the cycle time at checkout counters. In carrying out a process analysis, it is obvious that the LINX operating system has a process capacity which has not yet been determined. In identifying the systems capacity, resources may be input into the process for improved reliability and performance.As can be seen the debit card payment system when effective can have a positive strategic impact on operations performance objectives. By firstly, impacting on the speed by which customers is processed at che ck-out terminals. When you have a quick turnover time you rivet the traffic and congestion in the supermarket which can result in breakage and accidents. Secondly, the LINX system has impacted on flexibility by allowing the customer the option of choosing a more direct form of payment as opposed to credit cards.Dependability can be seen as a performance objective where the system can be relied upon. The above performance objectives, speed, flexibility and dependability have been negatively impacted on as the debit card system has become fallible during peak operating times as such the issues Hi-Lo has experienced relates to its inefficiency of its customer experience, its quality of service is risked, thus losing the trust and loyalty of some customers. RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION PLANIt is the writers recommendation that an immediate sourcing of an Automated Banking Machine (ABM) be allocated to all branches. This ABM facility will give the customer the ability to exact ca sh to the check-out terminal without leaving the premises. The ABM facility will have the effect of speeding up turnaround time at terminals for payment. The added advantage of the facility not only being available to check-out customers but the facility will encourage more traffic with customers who may need just the convenience of an ABM facility.The ABM facility will be strategically placed in an area just after the bank of check out tellers, but away from the master(prenominal) entrance point. This would force the person who came for the convenience of the ABM facility only to line up, surrounded by small convenient items that may encourage get of candy, gum, magazines etc. In the hopes of a long term resolution, Hi-Lo Food Stores conduct a process design-analysis. This analysis will determine the throughput time and impact upon the flow rate of customers by measuring the number of successful or unsuccessful attempts using the debit card system.In conducting this analysis, lis t the customers alternate payment method used and whether immediate payment was affected. The system of process mapping can assess the processes for example, Hi-Lo Food stores must also account for those customers who are inconvenienced by having to visit an ABM to use cash as a payment method. List those persons who in fact will follow through and complete the transactions as against those persons who grow it far too inconvenient to return to Hi-Lo.With the use of this data, Hi-Lo food stores will then be able to account for manpower used at the terminal for processing a void transaction, storage of items, spoilage of perishable items which may occur and hours of duty time spent re-stocking. Finally, Hi-Lo in conjunction with Infolink needs to hold a structured plan of action to implement a larger capacity for processing of debit card transactions, and for Hi-Lo to ascertain its feasibility. ACTIVITY TIME willpower/RESPONSIBILITY 1. 1 Source a consultant 2 weeks IT Department 2 . 1 chance on number of transactions incomplete 6 weeks IT Department 2. Identify time periods for down time 6 weeks IT Department 3. 1 Identify source of problem 1 week Consultant 4. 1 Make recommendations 2 weeks Consultant 5. 1 Implement changes and test 6 weeks IT Department 6. 1 Gather feedback from customer 2 weeks Marketing Department 7. 1 Make however recommendations 1 week Consultant 8. 1 Implement and test 3 weeks IT Department REFERENCES Slack, N & Chambers, S & Johnston, R & Betts, A 2009, Operations and Process Management, Principles and physical exercise for Strategic Impact, 2nd edn

A Geographical Study of Sydney

Population growth in Sydney is mostly due to natural increase (more births than deaths). The rest of Sydneys growth comes from immigration. Sydney has a population of 4.1 gazillion people and is expected to grow by 40,000 people a year for the next 25-30 years.People & HousingIn Sydney, the average household is becoming smaller. This way more dwellings are needed to house the same number of people. This is becoming a problem and in the future, we go forth need around 23,500 new homes any year. These dwellings will be flats, units and villas.Age ProfileThe population in Sydney is aging as people are living longer. The number of people aged everywhere 65 will double in the next 25 years.p.11I believe that these issues are good reflections of the problems in Sydney. From my experience, urban growth high command for growth, housing a lack of space and smaller dwellings, ageing communities a lack of facilities that care for the elderly, the protection of Sydneys natural environm ents little park areas in the urban center, a lack of infrastructure, poor transport systems, and the time needed to travel outer Sydney are all issues that I have noticed.TASK 4The Government expresses a commit to be sustainable. Is this a realistic goal given the extent of the key issues facing Sydney? What do you think we should do?The government expresses a desire to be sustainable, but is this a realistic goal? I believe so, however, a lot of changes have to be made to achieve this ambition of sustainability. originally it can be fully decided whether this statement is realistic and whether anything can be done about it there has to be an analysis of the problems.Sydneys natural environment tallys it a beautiful and outgoing place to live. However, it wont stay like this forever. Cars are still a major contributor to poor metropolitan air quality. The city is facing many challenges in sustainably managing its natural and cultural resources to ensure they meet the inescapa bly of current and future residents of the region.It is getting harder and harder for Sydney to fund infrastructure which must be taken into consideration. The population is increasing due to higher birth rates and net migration, this increasing population means households are becoming smaller. Sydney also needs to provide quality jobs as it is a global city that attracts international investments and careers.We need to manage our use of natural resources more wisely. As a big(a) city we consume large amounts of resources and dispose of large amounts of waste to landfill. The costs of building and maintaining infrastructure to supply water and energy to meet increasing custom and population growth are extremely high. Apart from these major sustainability problems of natural resources, employment, transport, housing, urban growth, infrastructure and natural environment, there are other issues relating to lack of human beings space, ethnicity, crime, affordability, demographics and much, much more.As a team working community, Sydney may be able to change the forecasts and find sustainable ways with which to manage its issues. It needs to respect the land that surrounds it so that trade-offs are clear. It could create balance between roads and public transport provision and use. It could build more facilities for walking and cycling. It needs to make the most of public transport, energy, water and waste facilities, school and hospitals before new infrastructure is built.Well located land for industry, supported by transport and communications infrastructure, is also needed. A special challenge is to increase the number of quality jobs in western Sydney. New land development on Sydneys fringe will need to more elf-sustaining by providing services locally including a good range of jobs, as well as access to transport, parks and community services, including schools and hospitals. If we plug in with the regions close by and try these sustainability problems the re is a good chance that Sydney could become sustainable in the future. If we look after our environment, support a rivalrous economy and create better places to live and work Sydney can reach sustainability. It is about improving the quality of life without leaving a burden on future generations.

Latino/Chicano/Hispanic Education Essay

In my research I discovered an abundant amount of information on educating Chicanos or Latinos in the coupled States, particulary calcium being that an extremely lavishly population concentrations be in atomic number 20. In this paper I testament list some of the most important cultural diversity facts Ive found regarding educational barriers, communication behaviors, cultural differences, teaching implications, learning styles and tools and insights. First, what is Chicano or Chicana? A Chicano or Chicana is a term used to indicate an identity held by some persons of Mexican descent living in the United States.Often successions, it refers to a first or second generation Mexican American living in an urban, Mexican American immigrant community, where there exists the untroubled ethnic consciousness of being Mexican American. It is considered a term of ethnic pride, though not all Mexican Americans proud of their heritage necessarily consider themselves Chicano. A charr of t his category is usually named by the feminine form Chicana, and, following the usual conventions for Spanish words, the masculine plural form Chicanos is used for groups that include both genders. a great deal attention has been directed to the Chicano or Latino youth in trains today.When looking at a chart provided by the 2000 census (Table 2. 1). It is obvious why Chicano or Latino choose been recognized as a major player in civilizes, workforce and communities. Table 2. 1 Top Ten Countries of Birth and transmittable Backgrounds of California Youth, Ages 13 to 24, 2000 Country of Birth Number Ancestry Number Foreign-Born U. S. -Born 1. Mexico 783,124 1. Mexican 1,228,338 2. Philippines 76,753 2. African American 310,810 3. El Salvador 59,612 3. German 279,195 4. Vietnam 58,701 4. Irish 210,186 5. Guatemala 42,795 5. position 178,050 6. Korea 28,228 6. Italian 161,383 7. Taiwan 25,859 7. American 158,956.8. India 23,576 8. Filipino 107,742 9. Thailand 22,822 9. White 94,380 1 0. China 22,337 10. Chinese 82,943 SOURCE Authors calculations from the 2000 Census. EDUCATIONAL BARRIERS AND TEACHING IMPLICATIONS I feel that educational barriers and teaching implications go hand in hand. I feel this is true since an educational barrier is a direct implication to teaching. Nearly half of all Californians today be first-generation or second-generation immigrants. As that sh argon of the California population continues to grow, it is increasingly important to understand the nature of intergenerational promotion for immigrant groups.( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) Recent research has called into question the intergenerational progress of immigrants, peculiarly educational progress between the second generation and the third generation. When the educational attainment of second and third generations is comp atomic number 18d directly with that of their parents or their parents generation, the authors find strong intergenerational progress for all ma jor immigrant groups. ( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) However, even by the third generation, Mexican Americans in California sire not attained the educational levels that whites consent attained.In other words, there is some progress but even by the third generation only 11 percent of Mexican American adults have get a bachelors degree. In contrast, among third-and-later generation whites, more than a third has a bachelors degree. Also, about 30 percent of Californias children are growing up in families where incomplete parent has completed superior school. One consequence of this low educational attainment is that as many as 95 percent of these children might not earn a bachelors degree the low educational attainment of parents makes it slight likely that their children will attain full(prenominal) levels of education.Among these children at risk of low educational acquisition, Mexican Americans make up a Brobdingnagian percentage. More than half of all Calif ornia youth ages 13 to 24 have a foreign born(p) parent. Because a large number of these immigrant parents have a hold in education, lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Education is an important determinant of social and economic well-being, such as income, health, home ownership, and civic participation.The concern for educational progress is particularly acute for Mexican Americans who, even by the third generation, have very low levels of educational attainment. It finds that intergenerational progress has not stalled but rather that second- and third-generation immigrants have make substantial educational progress when compared with their parents. Most of Californias Latino youth are of Mexican ancestry (84%) and over 60 percent of them were born in the United States. Overall, one in four youth is a first-generation immigrant (i. e. , born in a foreign co untry). About the same share are second-generation immigrants (i.e. , born in the United States with at least one foreign-born parent). Racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment are strongly influenced by immigration. Of the major racial and ethnic groups in California, young adults of Mexican descent have the lowest levels of education. Of those ages 25 to 29, only 51 percent have earned a high school diploma, compared to 93 percent of non-Hispanic whites. However, the rate for Mexican American youth born in the United States is substantially higher76 percent. Mexican youth who come to the United States as teens often do not attend high school here.The older their age at arrival, the less likely Mexican youth are to attend school in California. Among those ages 16 to 18 and who recently arrived in the United States, less than half are enrolled in school. Among men, many are working among women, substantial numbers are working, married, or raising children. In particul ar, although some research has suggested that educational progress stalls between the second and third generations for Mexican Americans, it has been found that college graduation rates of third-generation immigrants are more than twice those of their parents.Further, although over half of their parents did not graduate from high school, about eight in 10 third-generation Mexican Americans have graduated from high school. Even by the third generation, however, Mexican Americans in California have lower educational attainment than whites have. Despite strong intergenerational progress, less than 85 percent of third and-later-generation Mexican American adults, ages 25 to 34, have blameless high school and only 11 percent have completed a bachelors degree.(Third-and-later generation includes youth with both parents born in the United States but the data do not identify whether their grandparents or great-grandparents were born in the United States. ) In comparison, among third-and-l ater-generation whites, 95 percent earned a high school diploma and over a third has a bachelors degree. Mexican immigrant youth who arrive at age 15 or older are among the least educated Californians. Improving their educational attainment is particularly challenging because many do not enroll in California schools but are working and raising families.Analysis suggests that about 30 percent of Californias children are growing up in families where neither parent has completed high school and that as many as 95 percent of these children might not achieve a bachelors degree. Among these children at risk of low educational achievement, Mexican Americans make up a large share (68%). The success of students in Californias community colleges is of particular importance for improving Latino postsecondary education because almost 80 percent of Latinos who enroll in public higher education enter by dint of community colleges.Of great concern, however, is the low transfer rate to four-year i nstitutions, and transfers are especially low among Latino students. In addition to preparing students for transfers, community colleges provide English language, remedial, and vocational courses. As the value of education and skills in the California economy continues to grow, these courses will become increasingly important to workforce training, especially for those who do not go on to complete a bachelors degree. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.Because California has such large numbers of immigrants with limited education, a lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Educational progress is particularly important because education plays a role in determining racial and ethnic differences in other areas of social and economic well-being, such as poverty, health status, employment, home ownership, and civic participation (Reyes, 2001 Reed, 2003a).This information is important to understand why immigrant families rely so much on each other and not on education and opportunity. Hispanic-Americans are united by customs, language, religion, and values. There is, however, an extensive diversity of traits among Hispanic-Americans. One characteristic that is of paramount importance in most Hispanic cultures is family commitment, which involves loyalty, a strong support system, a belief that a childs behavior reflects on the honor of the family, a hierarchical order among siblings, and a debt instrument to care for family members.This strong sense of other-directedness conflicts with the United States mainstream emphasis on individualism (Vasquez, 1990). Stereotyped sex roles tend to exist among many Latinos the male is perceived as dominant and strong, whereas the female is perceived as nurturing and self-sacrificing. Note, however, that in Latino cultures, the term machismo (used by Anglos to refer to male chauvinism) refers to a concept of chivalry that encomp asses gallantry, courtesy, charity, and courage (Baron, 1991).Indeed, Hispanic cultures emphasis on cooperation in the attainment of goals can result in Hispanic students discomfort with this nations conventional schoolroom competition. This cultural difference could play a negative role when the value of education in the California labor market has increased substantially in recent decades and projections suggest that workers without a college education will continue to see their earnings erode. Among youth in immigrant families, there is tremendous variation in family income and maternal education.Among young immigrants ages 13 to 17, about one-third of those from Mexico are living in poor families and only 17 percent have a mother who codaed high school (maternal education is measured only for those living with their mothers). These differences in family characteristics change to racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment for immigrant youth, which, in turn, cont ribute to education differences for their second-generation children.Differences in family characteristics explain most of the lower educational attainment of Mexican Americans. Among Mexican American youth, parental education, parental English language ability, and family income are substantially lower than among white youth. LEARNING boltS An expanding body of research affirms that teaching and counseling students with interventions that are congruent with the students learning-style preferences result in their increased academic achievement and more positive attitudes toward learning.Research on the learning styles of Hispanic-Americans in particular, however, is limited. Within the Latino groups, the majority of studies have focused on the learning styles of Mexican-American elementary school children. Several investigations (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993) have compared various ethnic groups of students in elementary school through college levels using a measure that identifies 2 1 elements of learning style group into five categories. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING STYLE elements include sound, temperature, design, and light.A cool temperature and formal design were identified as important elements for Mexican-American elementary and diaphragm school students (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 2. EMOTIONAL LEARNING STYLE elements include responsibility, structure, persistence, and motivation. Sims (1988) reported that Mexican-American third- and fourth-graders were the least conforming of three ethnic groups studied. Yong and Ewing (1992), however, found that Mexican-American middle-school adolescents were conforming.The disparities between these data may result from subjects age, lifestyle, and urban/rural differences in the two studies. Both of these studies reported that Mexican-Americans required a higher degree of structure than did other groups. 3. SOCIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements are concerned with the social patterns in which one learns. Learning alone (as opposed to in groups) was preferred more by Caucasian students than by Mexican-American children (Dunn & Dunn, 1992, 1993) and more by Mexican-Americans students than by African-American children (Sims, 1988).Mexican-American students required significantly more sociological variety than either African-Americans or Caucasians (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). Mexican-American males were authority-oriented and Mexican-American females were strongly peer-oriented (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to time of day, food and drink intake, perception, and mobility. Puerto-Rican college students exhibit a strong preference for learning in the late morning, afternoon, and evening. The time-of-day preferences of Mexican-Americans are less clear.Sims (1988) found that Caucasians preferred drinking or eating snacks while learning significantly more than did Mexican-Americans. Yong and Ewing (1992) reported that Latinos strongest perceptual strength was kinesthetic. Both Caucasians and African-American were significantly more auditory and visual than Mexican-Americans (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993 Sims, 1988).The make by Sims (1988) indicated that Caucasian students exhibited a higher need for mobility than did Mexican-American students. Contrary to findings for the U. S. general population, Mexican-American females had a significantly higher need for mobility than their male counterparts (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to global versus analytical processing. The construct of field dependence/independence is a component of this learning style. Field dependent individuals are more group-oriented and conjunctive and less competitive than field independent individuals. Research generally has indicated that Mexican-American and other minority students are more field dependent than nonminority students.Hudgens (1993) found that Hispanic middle and secondary school students were more f ield dependent than Anglo students Hispanic female (and African-American male) students had a greater internal locus of control than other groups and Hispanic male (and African-American female) students had a greater external locus of control than other groups. INSIGHTS AND TOOLS There are a number of state and local programs intentional to improve the lives of youth as well as to steer them in the direction of positive future outcomes.Youth ages 13 to 24 are of diminutive concern because during these ages youth are preparing for the transition to adulthood with its increased economic challenges and responsibilities and often with new marriage and parenting relationships. During these ages, many potentially life-changing decisions are often made, including the decisions to finish high school, to go to college, and perhaps to start a family. For these youth, adult education programs in school districts and community colleges can provide better schedules for part time, evening, and spend coursework.In addition, as these youth become parents, programs that work with young children can assist parents with parental support and literacy improvement. For second and third generations, and for immigrants who do enter California schools, the quality of the K12 public education system is clearly a key factor in success. Several recent and continuing reforms are improving California schools, particularly in the areas of student achievement, teacher quality, and quality of facilities. In addition, English language learning is of concern for the children of immigrants.For students whose own parents have limited educational experience, programs of educational counseling and tutoring are particularly helpful. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Baron, A. , Jr. , Counseling Chicano College Students. In C. Lee, and B. Richardson (Eds. ), MULTICULTURAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING New Approaches to Diversity (p. 171-184). Alexandria, VA American connective for Counseling and Development. ED 329 861, 19 91. 2. Dunn, R. , and K. Dunn. , TEACHING SECONDARY STUDENTS, 1993. 3. Dunn, R. , S. Griggs, and G. Price. , Learning Styles of Mexican-American and Anglo-American Elementary-School Students.JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 21(4) 237-247. EJ 470 183. 1993. 4. Hudgens, B. , THE RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE STYLE, 1993. 5. Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park, California Demographic Futures Projections to 2030, by Immigrant Generations, Nativity, and Time of Arrival in U. S. , School of indemnity, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 2005. 6. Neumark, David, Californias Economic Future and Infrastructure Challenges, Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2005.7. Reed, Deborah, The ontogeny Importance of Education in California, Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003a. 8. Reed, Deborah, Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps in th e California Labor Market, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003b. 9. Reyes, Belinda I. , ed. , A Portrait of Race and Ethnicity in California An Assessment of Social and Economic Well-Being, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2001.10. Sims, J., Learning Styles of Black-American, Mexican-American, and White-American Third- and Fourth-Grade Students in traditional Public Schools. Doctoral dissertation, University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 1988. 11. Vasquez, J. , Teaching to the Distinctive Traits of Minority Students. THE CLEARING HOUSE 63(7) 299-304,1990. 12. Yong, F. , and N. Ewing, A Comparative Study of the Learning-Style Preferences among Gifted African-American, Mexican-American and American Born Chinese Middle-Grade Students. ROEPER reexamination 14(3) 120-123. EJ 447 200, 1992.

Social regulation in the workplace

An Examination of the Concepts and TheoriesAssociated with an Analysis of kind Regulation in the WorkplaceAnd the Groups and Representative InstitutionsAssociated With These Procedures instauration .... 2Conclusion 8Bibliography. . . 9IntroductionGlobalization as a phenomenon that has and is utilized to depict the vicissitudes of our universe today, has been attributed as a cause, status, underpinning, end and procedure that has and is polishing how and what we argon as persons, companies, organisations, states and parts. Some gift described globalisation as making an addition in social interactions and connexions over infinite ( Chase/Dunn et al, 2000, pp. 77-95 ) . The preceding does app atomic number 18ntly hold cogency addicted the broad spread additions in international communications that has helped to pull ahead thoughts with images of films from foreign venues, low cost telecommunications for personal calls and Internet confab suites, instant messaging both spotligh t good as web sites and electronic mail allowing enlargement of our aims. This new environment has besides caused some states to take a closer conceptualisation at their social constructions with regard to past events and current tendencies. One such country is the issue of feminine equality. The Womens Movement of the sixtiess has neer died, it has merely interpreted on a more broad spread veneer as adult females, cognizant of the varied social inequalities, make water rolled up their fortification and taken the affair up on a by and big personal 1 on one undercoat.Evidence in support of this evict be found in the addition in educational committedness. In 2005 ( UCAS, 2005 ) females represented 239,331 of all appliers for grades in establishments of higher acquisition in the United Kingdom, as compared with 214,502 for males. The entire figure of females accepted represented 170,003, males 153,215, with the per centum rate for the predating representing 73.5 % and 71.4 % s everally ( UCAS, 2005 ) . However, thither is still a disproportionate relationship found in wage graduate tables, the gender wage spread for bodied director places is 27.8 % , whereby females earn 73.2 % of what their male opposite numbers do for the same degree of cultivate ( Purcell, 2002, p. 6 ) . In an economic and matter-of-fact sense, globalisation has tended to increase the power of capital in its relationship to labour as directors cite retrenchment, increased productiveness and quality along with wage as a coefficient of merchandise and or service cost. Governmental response to threats associating to its corporations, intending companies housed within its boundary lines, is to cut down societal protections thereof increase the flexibleness of the labour force ( Gummett, 1996 ) . Governmental policies on corporate societal avocation are a big construct in that it encompasses the undermentioned statement ( Corporate affable Responsibility, 2004 ) The Government sees C SR as the affect part to our sustainable development goals . The statement goes on to add that it is seen by governance as how concern takes history of its economic, societal impacts in the manner it operates ( Corporate Social Responsibility, 2004 ) . It goes on to add that it sees CSR as the voluntary actions that concern mint take, over and above congruity with minimal legal demands to turn to its ain competitory involvements and . involvements of wider indian lodge ( Corporate Social Responsibility, 2004 ) . This scrutiny shall take a expression at the constructs any bit good as theories that are associated with societal ordinance in the body of work, along with the persons, groups and representative establishments that as associated with these procedures.The criterions for gender balance in working environments is put away(p) by the authorities are defined by the transition of ordinances get downing with the seventiess. The execution of legislative policy is an hi storical cheque on the societal procedures and demands for alteration that preceded their debut therefore supplying hints as to the underlying societal alterations that represented issues prior to enactment. The Equal Pay Act of 1970 ( International Labour Organization, 2005 ) provided that work forces and adult females have the same equal terms with respect to the conditions and footings of employment stand foring occupations comprised of the same degree or similar degrees of work. An amendment to this Act was implemented in 1983 ( HMS, 2005 ) to bespeak that all persons executing the same work must have the same rate of wage, bespeaking frontward advancement in societal duty that was further strengthened by the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 ( stationary Office, 2005 ) which specified that favoritism against adult females has occurred when they are treated less than favourably in comparability with work forces and that where conditions and or demands are implemented or imposed whe reby it consequences in places skewed peckishly in favour of males, all(prenominal) bit good as demands and or conditions whereby adult females would non be in a place to follow with. It legislated that adult females and work forces are equal and included statute law to decimate favoritism utilizing gestation and or childbearing.The authorities by legislative amendments has strengthened respective(a) facets of the preceding over the old ages as represented by the chaseA. Equal Wage Amendments ( HMS, 2005 )Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1992Employment Rights Act 1996Employment Rights Act 1998B. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Amendments ( HMS, 2005 )The Sex Discrimination Regulations 1999Legislation nevertheless can non do companies to speed up or increase their committednesss and or ethical patterns in the country of societal duty as wonts and the position quo tend to be engrained in corporate civilization and decelerate to alter. Rubery ( 2003 ) points out that as a consequ ence of the deficiency of mechanisms that are effectual in turn toing employer behaviour, the chance for otiose additions in the country of societal duty volition stay slow. His position has besides been adopted by Roivaset et Al ( 2004 ) . It has been argued that the concern issues with regard to adult females in the workplace is a accepted issue and that gender equality represents an of import societal duty, the consensus is that it is good policy to put to the pro work of adult females in the workplace ( Mattis et al, 2002 ) . It has besides been put forth that speed uping equal chances with respect to adult females in the workplace can be advanced through combinations of legal contends in the country of conformity every bit good as the concern instances and through societal ordinance ( Dickens, 1999 ) .Corporate Social duty entails three facets that are associated with the ground for the pattern and why it exists in the first topographic pointCorporate Social Responsibility e ntails conformity with statute law. This has been pointed out by warble ( 1999 ) in his Corporate societal duty development of a definitional construct paper.Corporate Social Responsibility has to boot emerged in footings of a concern instance that is affiliated to put on the line inauspicious investment, employee satisfaction, additions in corporate repute and increasing the corporations capacity for invention as theorized by Siegal et Al ( 2002 )And in conclusion, Corporate Social Responsibility has become an facet of the societal cloth through soft statute law by assorted authoritiess, every bit good as through alliances stand foring authoritiess and evidenced by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Companies, and non authorities organisations ( Moon, 2004 )And while the feminine issue has taken a prickle place in the procedure, corporations utilize their engagement in Corporate Social duty to advance their standing in the concern and public spheres, with companies in assor ted alliances every bit good as associations and organisations such as Business in the Community, the Global Reporting Initiative and the United Nations Global Compact. Corporate Social duty is an activity that is engaged in the societal facets in their context of concern success that are external societal and internal extensions of the company. It is involved in procedures implying the allotment, coverage and measuring of societal public presentation in concurrence with political facets such as the shaping of duties every bit good as rights in the context of stakeholder engagements. Monbiot ( 2000 ) every bit good as Hertz ( 2001 ) see Corporate Social Responsibility as important in footings of society in the wide context every bit good as in the context of the societal facet of single concerns and chiefly in transnational corporations whose public and international actions are scrutinized. It besides is understood in footings of the addition in which authorities is and has encoura ged battle to do concern to see its immenseness as a turning context of the overall societal cloth.Despite the comparatively slow advancement in female promotion connected through Corporate Social Responsibility agendas it is an prompt and bing focal point which adult females have at their disposal to help in farther progresss, despite the especial(a) tools and resources in that respect. Its arrangement in the countries of human capital direction, corporate societal duty guidelines every bit good as socially responsible investing are employee and diverseness issues that represent support mechanisms to farther hereafter progresss. The Council of europium ( 2006 ) states that societal coherence represents the capacity of a society to guarantee the public aid of all its members, minimising disparities and has added that gender quality is an country that means equal visibleness every bit good as authorization and the engagement of the sexes ( both ) in all facets of public every b it good as private life. The Council of europium ( 2006 ) has indicated that the betterment and development of policy procedures should be evaluated and reorganized to integrate the position of gender equality in all degrees and at all physiques of public and concern activities. The Council indicates that gender equality needs to be positioned at the nucleus of societal rating and analysis from the beginning and the gender issues need to be farther identified and reviewed in the context of policies every bit good as the forwarding of gender equality as a mainstream of societal duty.Walby ( 2004 ) adds that it goes beyond the thought of merely adding adult females in footings of employment Numberss it is a inquiry of policies and the affects. Rees ( 2004 ) sees the procedure of corporate societal duty as necessitating to deviate its attending in footings of persons to the systems and constructions which gave rise to the state of affairs whereby it arose in the first topographic po int. He continues that there are three distinguishable attacks to the issue, which are 1. legal, 2. best pattern, and 3. gender mainstreaming Rees ( 2004 ) . Advancing adult females in the context of corporate societal duty represents the use of the political every bit good as societal procedure and that garnering information from adult females as the foundation to measure ways in which to trip the procedure represents a cardinal measure in doing it work. The procedure of supplying and giving gender equality more dentitions is non feminism but world in seting the position of enabling society to deduce the most benefit from all of its participants and therefore progress itself beyond its present boundaries and restrictions with new and fresh inputs.The procedure besides includes outside groups and organisations that are engaged in the procedure whose influence at nowadays is minimum, yet active. The figure of groups and organisations stand foring societal duty in the context of fema les is modest. The undermentioned represents a partial listThe Association of Sustainability Practitioners located at hypertext delight protocol //www.new-academy.ac.uk/ is engaged in trade and gender issues.Business for Social duty provides a wealthiness of information every bit good as rank for persons interested in advancing all facets of this subject, including womens issues at hypertext transfer protocol //www.bsr.org/CSR Europe is a non-profit organisation advancing corporate societal duty and states its mission is to assist companies attain profitableness, every bit good as to prolong suppuration and human advancement. Its web site is at hypertext transfer protocol //www.csreurope.org/aboutus/Centre for Corporate Accountability, which is located at hypertext transfer protocol //www.corporateaccountability.org/about.htm is devoted to societal answerableness and duty issues and offers legal aid every bit good as academic and militants.The activities in the country of gender equality have developed, yet the motion is still slightly stuck in its ain inability to specify itself in more direct footings. Many companies have developed the concern instance attack and therefore the betterment of their patterns with regard to promotion of adult females in the workplace. The sphere of equal chance as put Forth in 1970 is taking a long clip to go more that an legislative Act, it is apparently taking the remotion of one coevals and portion of another to prosecute the procedure as a normal, instead than legislative fact. Organizations such as Opportunity Now in the United Kingdom, every bit good as Catalyst in the United States have demonstrated that to prosecute the effectual promotion of adult females in the workplace, organisations need leading that is effectual every bit good as committed. The concern every bit good as societal instance for gender equality represents a concern chance that needs more active battle in HR patterns every bit good as keeping, prepa ration, wage, work-life balance and publicity to supply it with life.At present, there is some grounds that there are programmes whereby the sweetening of gender equality can be advanced through the arrangement of monitoring and measuring that is conducted on a regular footing with the aid of authorities to do the procedure to go actively occupied instead than the inactive phase that authorities takes soon. The committedness on the portion of authorities represents a committedness on behalf of the people, and that is the musculus this procedure needs to acquire it out of the clay and back on the route. The slow growing policy has been development velocity since the 1970s and still has non truly moved to any appreciable grade. The statute law has been in topographic point, now it needs to be trigger off as a portion of societal duty to supply impulse.DecisionWith all the preceding, so the inquiry is what has happened to the focal point and context of Corporate Social duty? Focus, i s the primary reply. World events such as terrorist act, the war in Iraq, concern fight issues, offense, pension financess, and wellness attention issues have taken phase with societal duty and eroded the societal focal point. It no longer commands the same tableland in face of economic, wellness, public assistance and safety issues and therefore corporate focal point and social focal point has been diverted. The predating illustrations and countries represent the get downing stage of a larger docket that has merely entered is embryotic phase, therefore farther growing is expected. But, as with all things it will necessitate a consistent diet of growing and attending, maintaining it watered and fed until it is strong plentifulness to hold legs of its ain.The growing in the procedure will come from rules that are based in justness, equity and an apprehension of equity to broaden the context to societal inclusion. As stated by Rees ( 2004 ) the focal point is pull offing diverseness which needs to go one of enlightenment. The displacement is from the feminine position to acknowledging that the systems and constructions that have developed over decennaries has given rise to a system and processes whereby the state of affairs developed to the point that it became the normal behavior of life. Changing that facet will necessitate work as positions, and the comfort of things being the manner they are represent wonts that are engrained and hard to readapt. The full context entails traditional thoughts from a ethnic and societal position which has conditioned behavior to the point where in many instances most males are non even cognizant it is an issue, and that is precisely the issue.BibliographyCarol, A. ( 1999 ) Corporate societal duty development of a definitional concept. Vol. 38. , Issue 3. Business and SocietyChase-Dunn, C. , Kawano, Y. , Brewer, B. ( 2000 )Pull offing Social Policy.Sage Publications, London, United KingdomCorporate Social Responsibility ( 20 04 )What is CSR? .hypertext transfer protocol //www.societyandbusiness.gov.uk/whatiscsr.shtmlCouncil of Europe ( 2005 )Social Policies.hypertext transfer protocol //www.coe.int/T/E/Social_cohesion/Social_policies/Devils, L. ( 1999 )Beyond the Business Case A three pronged attack to equality action. Vol. 9, Issue 1. Human Resource guidance JournalGummett, P. ( 1996 )Globalization and Public Policy.Edward Elgar Publications, Cheltenham, United KingdomHertz, N. ( 2001 )The Silent Coup detat. Heinemann, London, United KingdomHMS. ( 2005 ) .Equal Pay Act 1970.hypertext transfer protocol //www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts.htmHMS. ( 2005 ) .Sex Discrimination Act 1975. hypertext transfer protocol //www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts.htmInternational Labor Organization ( 2005 ) 1970 Equal Pay Act. hypertext transfer protocol //www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/uk/epa.htmMattis, M. , Giscombe, K. ( 2002 )Leveling the Playing Field for Women of colourise in Corporate Manageme nt Is the Business instance Enough? ?Vol. 37, Issue 1. Journal of Business Ethical motivesMonbiot, G. ( 2000 )Captive State The Corporate Takeover of Britain.MacMillan, BasingstokeMoon, J. ( 2004 )Government as a Driver of Corporate Social duty The UK in Comparative Perspective. hypertext transfer protocol //www.nottingham.ac.uk/busijness/CCSR/index.htmmlNetwork Partnership. ( 2005 ) .Equal Pay.hypertext transfer protocol //www.nirs.demon.co.uk/eqpay.htmPurcell, K. ( 2002 )Qualifications & A Careers. University of Wales.Rees, T. ( 200 )Contemplations on the uneven development of gender mainstreaming.Leeds UniversityRoivas, S. , Reinicke, K, Thorbergsdottir, B ( 2004 )The European Employment Strategy and national employment policies. In From public assistance to knowfare. hypertext transfer protocol //www.bifrost.is/wellnow/Files/Skra0005517.pdfRubery, J. ( 2002 )Gender Mainstreaming and Gender equivalence in the EU. Vol. 33, Issue 5. Industrial Relations JournalSiegal, D. , McWill iams, A. ( 2002 )Corporate societal duty a theory of the signifier position. Vol. 26. , Issue 1. Academy of Management ReviewStationary Office ( 2005 ) .The Sex Discrimination Act 1975.hypertext transfer protocol //www.pfc.org.uk/legal/sda.htmUniversities and Colleges Admissions Service ( 2005 )Applicants and Acceptance for Degrees.hypertext transfer protocol //www.ucas.ac.uk/Walby, S. ( 2004 )Gender mainstreaming productive tensenesss in theory and pattern.University of Leeds

Observation of Different Photons When Elements Are Heated (Chem Lab)

notice of Different Photons when Elements are Heated Introduction The silvery line spectrum is the range of colorful lights that are emitted from an blood cell in its excited state. A normal element, or an atom in its ground state, is when in all of the atoms electrons are in their proper energy level. When an atom is in its excited state, electrons jump to disparate energy levels making them unstable. As the electron tries to get back to its respective energy level, energy is emitted in the form of light (photons).Every element emits a diametrical color that can be categorized into the bright line spectrum. Different elements give off different color in when heated because they all have different chemical properties, therefore, they will react differently under high temperatures. For example, 1 strontium, lithium carbonate, and strontium carbonate are often apply in notifyworks to create a red color. Calcium may be used to create orange, sodium for yellow, aluminum for wh ite, barium chloride for green, copper for blue, strontium and copper for purple, and titanium for silver.Even though all elements give off unique colors when heated, it is impossible to identify all elements with the naked eye by doing this test because you have to know what color the element burns and sometimes the elements emit very comparable colors. In this experiment, five known elements will be put under extreme heat to look out the color of the light emitted. Then, three apart(p) elements will be determined based upon the results of the known elements. Materials 1. 2. etna burner 3. Matches 4. Forceps 5. Wooden toothpicks 6. test of liquid calcium 7.Sample of liquid barium 8. Sample of liquid lithium 9. Sample of liquid sodium 10. Sample of liquid strontium 11. Three unknown liquid samples Procedure 1. twisting on the gas pedal for the Bunsen burner and light it with a match. 2. Using the forceps, take a toothpick and dip it into the calcium sample. Hold it in the sam ple for a few seconds to make sure that the sample has soaked in. 3. juncture the toothpick into the flame from the side, still using the forceps. 4. Record the color seen. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 for the rest of the samples. 6. Turn the gas off. 7.When finished, compare the results of the known elements to the unknown elements to determine what they are they will have the same color. 1- http//chemistry. about. com/od/fireworkspyrotechnics/a/fireworkcolors. htm Results Element Tested Color it Burned Determined to Be Calcium Orange - Barium jaundiced - Lithium Red - Sodium Yellow-Orange - Strontium Darker Red - incomprehensible 1 Orange Calcium Unknown 2 Yellow Barium Unknown 3 Red Lithium Conclusion In conclusion, the unknown elements were able to be determined because their emitted color matched those of calcium, barium, and lithium.This method for determining different elements in a controlled experiment, however, I dont think this method would be effective for determining any u nknown element. there are many elements and they may burn unique colors but often times, they are similar. For example, temporary hookup performing this experiment, it was difficult to determine if unknown element1 was calcium or sodium because they both burned an orangey fictional character color. It is possible that the toothpicks used in this lab got contaminated because someone may have touched them with their hands.If this is the case, thusly the elements may have burned a different color than they were supposed to. When performing this experiment, it was observed that the colors of the flames of each sample were different. This is because each element has a different chemical property. For the element that burned a similar color, this may be because they have similar, but different, chemical properties. This method of identifying elements in real look may be used when looking at fireworks. Fireworks are different elements set on fire the different colors that are seen are the different elements returning to their ground state.

Gwen Harwood “Sharpness of Death” and “At Mornington” Essay

Through a critical theme of Gwen Harwoods poetry, the responders personal response has a prodigious effect on their vox populi towards her poetry. In The acuity of Death, Harwood explores the inexplicable touch on between life sentence and finish, as well as the shelter of memories in response to the inevitable passing of meter. Similarly in At Mornington, Harwood accentuates the pry of appreciating life to overwhelm remnant and the importance of memories to lessen the effects of time passing. These aspects, which reoccur finishedout Harwoods poetry atomic number 18 customary, timeless, and familiar to human existence and society. As a result, Harwoods poetry has been able to endure varying contexts and observe to captive and create meaning for readers. The varying interpretations of Harwoods work influence the judgement of responders to both the private rimes, and Harwoods poetry as a whole.The Sharpness of Death explores differing perspectives on dying and its i rrefutable link with life, encouraging contemporaneous readers to question their value of destruction and develop a judgement on the poem and Harwoods poetry as a whole. Part champion of the poem establishes the personas desire to bargain with death, through the demanding tone that is employ to address it, Leave me alone. For the contemporary reader, this highlights the desperation to evade death, something many modern responders ar able to identify with. As the poem continues, Harwood renders the philosophers attempts to undermine death through analysis, as meaningless. The use of the oxymoron confused logic, highlights the futility of this act, suggesting that death cannot be explained, but experienced. This challenges the value of attempting to understand death for the responder as even those considered the around intelligent living, cannot provide sufficient answers. As the poem continues, the importance of life, rather than explanations, to overcome death is explored.Th e personification of blossoms in the line, blossoms to hold the light thats gone, highlights for responders that the beauty of life, as represented by the blossoms, commands to be appreciated and understood in order to come to terms with the darkness that comes after death. The final examination component of the poem returns back to first person, gift the poem a cyclical nature, common in Harwoods poetry. This depicts to audiences the cyclical nature of life and the subsequent inevitableness of death. In the final two lines of the poem,If I choke from that time, then set your teeth in me, the negative imagery depicts the personas view that hardly when she has lost the fulfillment that comes with life, will she be able to absorb death. This creates a positive judgement for the responder, word picture that their fear of death can subside if their life has been lived with joy. The exploration of the connection between life and death end-to-end The Sharpness of Death, encourag es responders to challenge their perception on the connection between to two.The response of audiences towards The Sharpness of Death, brings up questions in relation to the value of memory in response to the passing of time, inevitably impacting upon the judgement of the contemporary reader. In the second part of the poem, I hope he found some light beyond that field of black everlasting flowers, the positive connotation of light highlights the power of memories in overcoming the darkness that is death. For responders, this leads them to accept that their memories are what will alleviate them from the effects of times passing. This image of black flowers is juxtaposed by the translation of the Nasturitums in part three of the poem, Purest of colours, how they shone. The metaphor of the flowers depicts the power of positive memories to overcome struggles that have been faced as time has progressed. The personification of light where Harwood says, light akin a noble visitor stayed with us concisely and moved on, emphasises the power of memories which often fade as time goes on.This encourages the contemporary reader to consider what their adult memories are and thus, consider how their perception of them has changed over time. The rhetorical question, How would you ever know me nowunless I brought these flowers, enhances the head that it is remembered past experiences which enable us to draw a connection between the past and present. For the contemporary reader, this accentuates the value of memories in appreciating life, a consistent theme of Harwoods throughout her poetry. The sexual imagery in the final part of the poem, my tongue sang with his juices, depicts the strong influence of memories in relation to love in giving power to accept death, when thepassing of time is over. This places death in perspective for responders, as being only one aspect of life, with memories and friendship enabling people to transcend it. Throughout The Sharpness of Death, Harwoods exploration of the power of memories in accordance with the passing of time influences the responders perception to a biggish extent.The connection between life and death is further accentuated through Harwoods poem, At Mornington, which, similarly to the The Sharpness of Death, challenges readers to develop a judgement towards this inexplicable connection. The first part of the poem depicts the fearlessness and uncertainty of childhood, deriving from a lack of understanding of death. In conjunction with this, the simile, was caught by a wave and rolled like a doll among rattling shells, suggests the powerlessness of the persona to control her direction in life, at a stage where there was no understanding of death. This concept has been experienced by an array of responders, and thus impacts upon their fantasy to a large extent. The metaphor which Harwood uses to describe the graveyard the persona is standing in, avenues of the dead, emphasises that everything in life is temporary, with death being the only definitive part. This asserts to the contemporary reader that death does not need to be rivet upon as it is certain. Therefore life which is temporary and changing, should be valued.In the second last stanza, We have one day, only one, but more than enough to refresh us, the repetition of one highlights the power of even a small part of life being able to assist in overcoming the struggle that thought of death places upon our existence. As the poem progresses, the persona is able to develop a changed perspective on death. The irony in the line, at your side among the graves I think of death no more, highlights the personas acceptance of the cycle of life as a result of the strong friendship they have developed, enticing readers to do the same. Water is used as a powerful motif throughout the poem, highlighting the personas acceptance of the inevitability of death, in particular, waters that bear me away forever. This encourages the contemporary reader to also accept this inevitability in order to appreciate their own life. The response of readers to the value of life in accepting death throughout At Mornington, has a significant impact upon their opinion as it is a concept that is universally experienced andunderstood.In accordance with The Sharpness of Death, Harwoods At Mornington, encourages audiences to develop a judgement in regards to the value of memories in response to the passing of time. The poem begins with Harwoods memory of her early childhood where she leapt from her experiences arms into the sea. The alliteration to introduce this, They told me, highlights her lack of personal memory of the uncertainty of her childhood and the need of others to reinforce this memory. For many responders, the uncertainty of their childhood was not realised until adulthood, allowing them to appreciate Harwoods poetry as relevant to their lives. The high modality to describe her memory of believing she could walk on water, In deed I remember, depicts the prominent memories of the innocent child. This brings responders to consider that while the memory of invincibility is strong, the sense of invincibility itself has been lost as time has progressed.The motif of water is also continued, this time referring to memories, on what flood are they borne. This metaphor highlights that memories are able to cross the boundaries of time, thus emphasising the importance of them to responders who are experiencing the effects of times passing. This motif is continued in the fourth stanza, There is still some water left over. This depicts to the contemporary reader that even when time seems to have reached its end, memories still retain the ability to bring back the sense of abatement connect with them. In the final stanza, the metaphor, rolled in one grinding race of dreams, pain, memories, love and grief, highlights that memories are link up to varying emotions and are apart of the race that is life, where the inev itable end is death. This causes readers to consider the importance of the varying memories inwardly their life, to make the journey to the end worthwhile. Through the appreciation of memories in response to times passing throughout At Mornington, responders are able to identify with Harwoods poetry and thus develop a significant association with it.Throughout Harwoods poetry, in particular, The Sharpness of Death and At Mornington, a variety of universal and timeless concepts are explored, sparking varying responses from responders. In both these poems, theconnection between life and death, and the value of memories in response to the passing of time is explored. This exploration by Harwood is one that can be related to by a variety of readers, influencing these readers to a large extent, to develop a judgement towards Harwoods poetry as a whole.

Educating Slum Children

There argon colours and vibrancies in the world of children. Their activities atomic number 18 full of energies and attract attention of others. The mischiefs, dream world, away from worries are very dear memories of childhood that cave in lasting impact on ones life. Such happiness doesnt play its soften for some children. Slum children hold to face the lifes hardships during early age. These children are compelled to live on and have to struggle for their existence. They are easily manipulated because of their docile nature.The plight of slum children is they are forced to do work i. e. to act as slaves, picked up for domestic help, involved in hazardous work, trafficked and even compelled to be instigate of illegal transactions. For survival they are put into shameless act such as pornography and prostitution. These tortures at an early age not only affect their mental and physical health provided they are even exposed to harmful disease such as HIV AIDS. Slum children app earances are deformed, and are enforced to beg to earn for their survival.Cruelties faced during tender years affect their natural growth and they aim indifferent towards life. Government and local bodies are conveyning many programmes to raise the status of such children but its outcomes are very less. There is need to do lot of work. To educate slum children many nurtureal institutions and NGOs have shown interest. These institutes face lot of problems in educating slum children and also to cut down the dropout rates. Present exigency is to not only to make the education interesting but also to give basic skills fostering involve for earning.Right to education is now the basic right, according to Article 29 of Indian Constitution. An education cannot be denied to child on caste or creed basis or due to escape of funds. Studies are done by government organisations and NGOs to know the cause of unwillingness towards education and highschool dropouts from schools by slum chil dren. The studies show that parents ignorance and discouragement towards education, fight to meet their basic ends meet and children parcel hand in running the household of lower socio income group act as a throttle in not joining educational process.These people face discrimination of the society which discourages them to be a part of growth factor of society. Various innovative ideas and creative approach developed by government, NGOs, and educational institutions are streamlined to bring about these slum children as an enterprising people. The meaning of education is not only to make them accustomed to 3 Rs but also to give development in basic skills needed for earning a living. Computer education is also provided to prepare them to stand high with the fierce competition of the world.NGOs and educational institutions assist the slum children in getting enrolled with near government schools and help in giving tuitions to cope up with school work. Schools are even run on wheel s i. e. mobile schools to educate slum children in various states Education for all is the movement which is facing pages with the help of media to educate deprived children. This has inspired lot of citizens to work for the good cause. Right direction is required to trace the slum children potentials.

A History of Greece Essay

Western Civilization owes genuinely much of its instruction to classic account statement because closely of the current principles and know directge of man was derived from this ancient culture. The foundations of mathematics, science, medicine, philosophy, politics and even the different tunes of art nowadays were initiatory entraped long before Christ was innate(p) in these Mediterranean islands. The bronze Age (3000 BCE to 1100 BCE) Bronze became a heavily utilize metal in Greece during 3000 B. C. It was used to draw in different tools and ancient betrothal weapons that were all part of Greek daily life.The three great civilizations that atomic lean 18 worth studying were born on different parts of Greece. The Minoans settled on Crete at around 2600 B. C. This community got its name from Minos, a legendary son of Zeus, who control Crete and rid it of sea pirates (Minos, 2007). By the year 2000 B. C. , these deal were able to establish a very dynamic community life m arked by favorable trade activities that helped make its citizens rich. The people of Minoa became known for their palaces and socio-economic governmental organization. The first secern of Greek make-up called Li faithful A, came from this period.There live specific evidences that Minoans held great but peaceful influence over the islands of the Aegean despite being naval conquerors. At around 1 five hundred B. C. , records seem to imply that a volcano on Santorini erupted which caused major earthquake and bulky tidal waves that could have wiped out the Minoan civilization (Greeka, n. d. ). Mycaenaeans, a nonher community demonstrate to have fall out from the north in around 2000 B. C. , settled on the main island and became the center of trade after the prevail of the Minoans.The previous centuries records present that these two civilizations had a complex relationship in that it had strong business connections to to each one other but were similarly competing in their dominance of the Mediterranean. However, with the sudden disappearance of the Minoan civilization, the Mycenaeans became the trade hub during the 1400 B. C. to 1200 B. C. with much of the Minoan cultural tradition transferred to the main island (Mycenaean Civilization, 2007). Some of their differences with the Minoans, however, were shown by dint of their use of armors in battles and better bastioned territories.Mycenaeans are also noted for their beards. The people of Mycenaea chose to live in smaller units or kingdoms but were join by one dialect. The story of the Trojan War seems to be based on some facts mingled with the Mycenaeans and the inhabitants of the Troad, or Troas, in Anatolia which is now Turkey (Trojan War, 2007). There are indications that when Troad was afflicted by a foul fire, the Mycenaeans wanted to conquer the city. The greatness of Mycenaean community ended at around 1200 B. C. when crops began to fail and paucity gripped Greece (Ancient Greeks, n.d. ) , This caused peasant rebellions and internal warfare (Greeka, n. d. ). The Cycladic community began in the different isles of the Aegean which were in the middle of Crete and mainland Greece. The Cyclade part was a vital location because it was the Greeces business connection to the rest of Europe and Asia from which the Greeks learned umpteen of their agricultural practices. This time period was characterized by a very fast growth in world and very dynamic development in all aspects of society.Sculpture using marble and pottery were fashionable art forms during this period in this area of Greece. The Dark Ages (1100 B. C. to 800 B. C. ) The Dark Ages are called so because little evidence could indicate what happened during this time frame. There are some mystifyings that Dorians, a Greek-speaking tribe from the North, w establishethorn have caused the make up of Mycenaean civilization. The Dorians kept power entirely to themselves, creating a ruling military class which they solely diligent (Dorian, 2007).It seems that the centralized systems were broken and that monarchies dominated the political structure. This periods significant division to Greek history, however, seems to show that it was at this time when Homer wrote the Iliad which included the epic of the Trojan War (Greeka, n. d. ). Archaic Period (800B. C. to 500 B. C. ) During the Archaic Period, Aristocratic Republics replaced the political structure of Greek civilization and foreign influence abound. It is during this time that homophile and mythological figures began to appear in different art forms.The first Olympic game was held in 776 B. C. wherein a cook named Koroibas won the 600 foot race called stadion (The Games, n. d. ). These festivals were held for the God on Mount Olympus, Zeus. People felt that Greece at his point in time, was overpopulated and began to migrate to other European territories bringing with them their advanced culture. Coins became a currency at around 600 B. C. (Ancient Greek Civilizations, 2003) due to the influence of traders from Asia Minor where the first coin was purportedly made. Panathenaic festivals became popular onetime(prenominal) in 566 B.C. This very important occasion celebrated for numerous days sometime between July and August, supposedly Athenas birthday, was well-anticipated because anyone can join except for slaves. It consisted of contests, processions and sacrifices (The Panathenaic Festival, n. d. ). Democracy Another very significant contribution of this period is the birth of democracy in Athens at around 508 B. C. There were two types of people in Greece. Men who were born in the city they resided in were called citizens while all other individuals are considered non-citizens.Only citizens have the choice of politicians and vote in plebiscites. There were large conventions called The Assembly that must be at disco biscuitded by at least 6, 000 citizens before it was considered tallyicial enough to be heard b y the government. This meeting was done regularly wherein citizens may address their concerns regarding laws that needed to be implemented. A body of legislature called Council was made up of 500 citizens which was changed annually. The members held the task of making new laws and debated on how these could be crush implemented. breeding in GreeceThere was an agora in the middle of each Greek city (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ) which was sort of alike a town square wherein merchants can trade their various goods whether native or foreign. This was the center of trading wherein anyone, even foreigners, was allowed to buy what they wanted. It was also where men may hang out to with friends, know the latest political announcement or trade views with foreigners. Very few women could be seen in the agora and they were just aboutly feminine slaves who have been sent by their rich masters to shop for market goods.The most important groundwork of the city were construct around the agora . Because of the hot climate, Greeks prefer to run light clothes which are evidenced on the carvings that present-day archeologists have been able to study. Depending on the warmth, some men even prefer to wear only their loincloth. During cold weather, they place a cloak over their normal clothes which are tunics or chitons square shaped textile that are held at the shoulders using pins and around the waist by belts (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ).Women much wore a fancier shorter version called a peplos that was worn on top of the chiton. To convey off boredom, these tunics were usually dyed and embroidered according to tastes. Protection for the feet was usually used when extraneous of the house and these came in the form of sandals and leather boots. Brooches and pins were necessary jewelry to fasten their chitons. The women adored every form of jewelry. The wealthy females also used make-up and allowed their slaves to fix their hair according to what was in fashion. At around 500 B. C. , men motto it fashionable to wear beards and short hair styles.Greek women family members usually shared the tasks of cooking but the wealthier ones could train slaves to handle the responsibility. The diet was a merry mixture of fruits and vegetables during the summer and dried versions during the inveigleter. Sometimes, the families are able to storehouse enough fruit and make cheeses in summer months which could be enough to tide them over the winter. Those who were near the sea enjoyed its produce as long as the weather permitted a catch. Meat was considered to be an pricy food and the poor of society cannot afford it.When occasions do allow the impoverished to eat meat, they take advantage of the situation to eat every edible parteven the brains. The Role of Women in Greece Women enjoyed very little freedom in Greek society. Only wealthy women were allowed to get music or writing lessons at home. Only the rich seven year old boys were sent to the gymnasium (school) and returned after octad years to wait for another three years to become citizens. However, girls were not allowed to get education outside of the confines of her house. Much of a girls knowledge in music, dancing, cooking and weaving are imparted by their mothers.They were expected to follow whatsoever their married mans or fathers asked. A girl can get marital even when she is just fifteen years old and is expected not to go back to her actor home anyto a greater extent. It is the wifes responsibility to run the chores of the house and ensure the good services of the slaves. Because the streets were considered unsafe, most women are tied down to spend most of their time at home. Every now and then, the husband may give the woman a reprieve from boredom by taking her to the theater or allowing her to be accompanied outside the house by a male servant.Aside from doing housework, women made the clothes, blankets and whatever textile needs of their families. They also were expecte d to prepare the food needed for winter. How the Gods Influenced Greece The Greeks believed in many gods and built tabernacles for each one. Each god was powerful up to a certain extent depending on what they ruled on Poseidon was the god of the Sea, Hades ruled the underworld, Hera was the goddess of youth, Aris was the god of war, Athena was the goddess of wisdom, Apollo was the god of truth, and many more.Whenever misfortune nark them, the Greeks believed that these were caused by the gods anger. The temples were usually constructed on hilltops to show that the god or goddess was protecting their community. The area on which a temple is built is called acropolis. One can tell the riches of the city by looking at its temples. The wealthy ones built their temples using match and had many different forms of artwork to beautify it. Each temple had a huge statue of the god or goddess. Athens built their statue of Athena using ivory and gilded (Ancient Greeks, n.d. ). Sacrifice off erings much(prenominal) as food and animals were placed on a table within the temple before the individual pursues to worship his god in the courtyard which had an altar. Intellectual Growth in Greece Although the Greeks attributed most of the occurrences of their daily lives to the activities of the gods, at around 500 B. C. , they began to find out more about the world. Philosophers and many scholars who thirsted for more knowledge regarding mathematics, medicine, astronomy and geography lived during this time.Some of these famous people are Plato, who wrote about politics, Aristotle whose interest led him to discover many information on biology, Parmenides who hypothesized that the world was spherical, Archimedes who invented the Archimedian screw that spiraled irrigation to high farmlands and Phythagoras who is still popular in the mathematical arena for his right angles. The Abode Most homes in Greece at that time were made of stone or clay. There were bungalows and two-storey houses with roofs made of tiles or reeds. The flooring was also made of tiles to ensure the cool temperature within the houses.These houses were built in the middle of courtyards with walls and a sturdy gate. Altars were not only found to be in the temples but also within the courtyards of the houses as well. This was where the family members can worship their gods and leave their food and wine as offerings. Wood was the primary element used to make furniture but these can sometimes be accentuated with ivory and different metals. More families lived in the rural areas compared to the cities wherein the rich usually prefer to reside. The wealthy may have residences in the city while their servants take the responsibility of maintaining their countryside homes.The poorer farmers had the help of the children to do the agricultural chores such as herding sheep and goats or ploughing the fields. Crops like grapes and olives grew well in the stony land but drinking straw to make bread had to be bought from Egyptians. These grapes either became raisins or wine while the olives became oil or pickles. Farmers also took care of farm animals because they are excellent sources of basic needs like clothing, milk and meat. The Iranian Wars The Persian Wars began to affect Greek life in 490 BC, with a Persian invasion in Greece led by Darius the Great of Thrace (History of Ancient Greece, n.d. ). Darius troops was almost crushed by his first attempt to conquer the Danube if not for the Ionian Greeks who were his allies at that time. However, this made the Ionians realize that they should rebel from the empire and they asked for the support of the other city-states to go against Persia. This started the popularly known Ionian Revolt. Only the Athenians gave ships to the effort and were able to win the war. The Persians proudly retaliated, recaptured their supremacy in the battle of Lade in 494 B. C. and destroyed the city of Miletus by massacring or enslaving the inhabita nts (Setzer, n.d. ). Angered by the Athenian bravado, Darius sought to battle on mainland Greece at around 492 B. C. but the ship that held his army became badly hit by a storm. Another guide was sent and this time, Eretria was completely destroyed. The next target was Athens and the army went onshore at Marathon which led towards Athens. The Athenians tried to ask Spartans for help but due to a religious festival, the Spartans were detained, and the 10,000 Athenians had to face the Persians aided only by 1,000 men from Plataea (Greco-Persian Wars, 2007).However, the Athenians under the leadership of ten generals including Miltiades, were able to block this attempt which made the Persians retreat and reorganize to try and encounter from the Saronic Belf. They were surprised to find the Athenian army back in their territory and ready to fight them again. The Persians went back to Asia Minor, defeated. A offshoot was sent to Athens to deliver the good news and this was how the Mara thon Race got its name (The Persian War, n. d. ). subsequently a decade from the first attempt of invasion, Darius son, Xerxes took the throne of Persian Emperor and wanted to target Greece.His strategy involved less violence because instead of attacking head on, he decided it would be best to send envoys to start negotiating with the different cities to surrender without battle. He constructed a bridge at Hellespont and ensured that a furnish was dug across the isthmus to protect his army from storms while rounding the Cape of Mount Athos (Setzer, n. d. ). He collected his troops from every satrapy (territory within the Persian Empire) which numbered about 150,000 of the best soldiers from Persia and Mede while his naval fleet had about 1200 ships that were prepared against an estimated 300 brave warriors from Athens and Sparta.The large army of the Persians resulted to a slower maltreat in their attack and this gave the Greeks a chance to plan out their defense (Greco-Persian Wars, 2007). The different cities of Greece held a meeting to plan their defense which resulted to the delegation of the army to Sparta while Athens was in-charge of the navy blue fleet under Themistocles, an Athenian statesman (Kreis, 2006). They also consulted the Delphic Oracle. The oracle of Delphi was at Mount Parnassus where a Pythia (woman supposedly used by the God Apollo as his medium) could be asked to predict answers to their questions (Roach, 2001).The Pythia foretold that they would lose the battle and that their only chance of success was through a wooden wall. There were so many interpretations that could mean wooden wall but in the end, the Athenians took it to imply that the wooden walls were their ships. The Spartans suggested that the only way to position themselves well against the great army of Persia was by blockage them at the Isthmus of Corinth. The Athenians and authorities from Central Greece did not agree because their territories will be pillaged by the Persians before they reach the Isthmus of Corinth.However, Evaenetus, commander of the 10,000 Hoplites who decided to help Greece agreed with Sparta and so the minute number of soldiers repositioned themselves at the Isthmus of Corinth. The Spartans and Hoplites were at an advantageous position in Thermopylae until a traitorous Greek led a Persian force through the hills to the rear of the Greek forces (Kreis, 2006) for a surprise attack that led to a massacre. On the naval side, the Athenians left their city which allowed the Persians to burn it.Themistocles realized that battling with the Persians in the cave in sea will make them lose because of their minute number. He realized that the only way to win against the Persians was to turn their large army into their own handicap. This he did in the Battle of Salamis a very settle strait between Athens and the Island of Salamis. He sent his best slave to Xerxes to tell him that the Greek navy was retreating to the Isthmus of Corin th to form a combined force with the army (Moerbeek, 1998). He tricked Xerxes by sending a misleading message that the time of the Persian army to attack was at hand.Xerxes then allowed his unsuspecting depending on(p) to enter the strait between Athens and the island of Salamis where a surprise attack by the Greeks was waiting for them. This caused the eventual(prenominal) defeat of the Persians. By 479 B. C. , the Greek forces had all conquered the Persian army and navy (Kreis, 2006). Conclusion The fast paced development of civilization owes its foundations to the very intelligent and industrious Greeks. Every aspect of modern day life has its grow on Ancient Greek mathematics, logic, philosophy, science, art and even politics. Wars were intelligently won through cunning minds and not annihilating weaponry.Our modern world can truly learn so much just by looking at its past. References Ancient Greek Civilizations. (2003). In Minnesota State University Mankato Online. 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